(英语语法40讲全集视频)(英语语法400个重点公式)

(英语语法40讲全集视频)(英语语法400个重点公式)

主谓一致首先要遵循语法一致的原则(the principle of grammatical concord):即,单数主语用单数动词,复数主语用复数动词。但是,这个原则偶尔受到概念一致原则(the principle of notional concord)和就近原则(the principle of proximity)的挑战,因此在解决主谓一致问题上出现了麻烦。

所谓主谓之间的概念一致,是指主语和谓语之间维持数在语义上的一致,而不是语法方面的一致。例如,对于committee这样的集合名词(collective noun)作句子主语时,虽然它在语法形式上是单数,但在的具体语境中,要根据具体语义区别对待。例如:

(a)The committee is composed mainly of lawyers.

(b)The committee presents its final report to Parliament every June.

在例(a)句中,主谓之间遵循语法一致的原则,因为committee具有集体名词的单数性质,所以动词采用单数形式(=“is”),例(b)句,committee的单数概念不仅体现在动词的单数形式(presents),而且体现在单数代词its上。

但在下面的例句中,committee的复数概念由复数动词和代词their同时表现出来:

The committee have drunk their toasts to the new project.

概念一致原则还常常体现在数量词作主语的句子中。虽然数量词时常是复数,但动词却采用单数形式。这是因为数量被看作一个实体,前面省略了一个表达单位的单数名词,如:

Five pounds is all I have with me. [The amount of five pounds is…]

Thirty years represents a short period of life.[The period of 30 years is…]

Six kilometers is as far as they can manage. [The distance of 6 km is…]

Three fourths of the field is under water. [The area of ¾ field is…]

就近原则指动词与其前面最近的名词短语保持数的一致,而不是与真正主语的数相一致。试比较:

(a) No one except the teachers knows the answer.

(b) No one except the teachers know the answer.

在例(a)句中,名词短语no one except the teachers具有单数的语法特征,因为no one是单数,所以动词采用单数形式。但是,从句子语义上讲,知道答案的是老师们(the teachers)而不是他人(no one),所以句子的语义概念加强了就近原则的适用,从而产生了例(b)句的可接受性。

但是,就近原则主要出现在非正式文体中,在正式文体或语言测试中,语法一致原则更加正确。

从以上分析中我们可以看出,解决主谓一致的关键在于对主语数的理解和解释上,下面我们从集体名词、并列和不定代词等三个方面,分析主语的数量特征,以便解决主谓一致的棘手问题。

一)集合名词遵循概念一致的原则

集合名词在形式上表现为单数特征,大多数集合名词没有复数形式。但在概念上,集合名词既可以是单数又可以是复数。因此,依据具体情况,句子(特别在英国英语中)可以用单数动词,又可以用复数动词。

1.用复数动词

集合名词的单、复数特征取决于它被看作是一个不可分割的整体还是一个集体中的个人。在下述例句中,government, audience, public 和army等被看作是每个成员作出的行为,用复数动词。

The government are unlikely to get their way on this issue.(政府不是为所欲为的)

The audience are satisfied with the performance. 观众对演出感到满意。

The public are with him. 公众支持他。

The army are clearing up quite a bit of the land. 陆军正在清理一大片土地。

  1. 用单数动词

而在下列例句中,集合名词被看作不可分割的整体,用单数动词:

The government is not becoming soft on crime. 政府对犯罪行为并非日渐手软。

The audience is the subject of TV consumption. 受众是电视消费的主体。

The public is generally uninformed about these diseases.大众对疾病普遍知之甚少。

The army is about to launch a major offensive.部队即将发动一次大规模进攻。

总体而言,复数动词通常出现在非正式文体中。在正式文体中,单数可能更常用。在英语测试中(尤其在美国英语中),我们建议遵循语法一致的原则,采用单数动词。

当然,如果做主语的集合名词以复数形式出现,动词用复数形式,如:

Local governments are required to provide funds and land for such projects. 要求当地政府为住房工程提供资金和土地。

Western publics are prepared to bear the cost. 西方公众准备承担为此付出的代价。

名词“couple”表达“个人”概念时,用复数动词。表达“整体”概念时,用单数动词,如:

Fifty years on, the couple are still devoted to one another. 50年过去了,这对夫妇仍然深爱着彼此。[个体概念]

Every couple disagrees on occasion about money. [整体概念]

二)并列主语的主谓一致

两个或两个以上的名词(短语)由and连接在一起时,首先需要厘清是并列关系还是同位关系,才能处理主谓一致的关系。

并列关系指两个或以上成分由and并列后构成一个的名词短语。并列关系的名词短语作主语时,动词采用不同的数的形式。

  1. 用复数动词形式

1)两个或两个以上单(复)数名词的and并列,用复数东西,如:

(Both) mother and baby are doing well.

2)多个名词的无连词并列,用复数东西,如:Land, brains, wealth, technology are plentiful in our country.

3)表示相互关系的名词和名词性物主代词的并列,用复数东西,如:His family and mien are close neighbors.

4)单数名词后跟etc.或类似缩略语作主语,用复数东西, 如:The size etc.are less important for us.

2.单数动词形式:

1)Each和every表达“分配”的含义,需要用单数动词,如:

Each adult and every child was holding a flag.

Each and every problem is worthy of our attention.

Each senator and congressman was allocated two seats.

2) 并列结构专指一个东西或一件事情时,用单数动词,如:

The hammer and sickle (一面旗帜) was flying in the wind.

Danish bacon and eggs (一顿饭) makes a good English breakfast.

The Bat and Ball (一家酒店名) sells good beer.

3)不可数名词前有“N1 and N2”修饰时,相当于两个单独句子的缩略,用复数动词,如:

American and Dutch beer are both lighter than British beer.

(= American beer and Dutch beer are …)

但是,如果是后置修饰,则必须用单数动词,如:

Beer from America and Holland is much lighter than British beer.

3.单复数两种形式

算数运算时,既可以用单数动词,也可以用复数动词,如

Four and four make(s) eight.

Two and two is/are four.

(英语语法40讲全集视频)(英语语法400个重点公式)

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